@PhDThesis{Lima:2018:SeVeDy,
author = "Lima, Raquel Carvalho de",
title = "Secondary vegetation dynamics associated with cattle ranching
land-use systems in Par{\'a} State",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2018",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2018-09-24",
keywords = "secondary vegetation, cattle raising, law enforcement, pasture
degradation, Par{\'a}, vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria,
pecu{\'a}ria, normas legais, degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o de pastagens,
Estado do Par{\'a}.",
abstract = "The increasing human intervention on the land surface has impacted
climate stability and biogeochemical cycles, putting land-use and
land-cover change (LUCC) in evidence as a key field of
investigations in global environmental change. Considering that
LUCC is to a great extent the outcome of human decisions (e.g. of
actors and institutions), research in this field has used
different methods and tools of investigation to go beyond the
identification of drivers of LUCC, but also to focus on how human
decisions operate as underlying causes of the changes observed in
the physical space over time. In the Brazilian Amazon, during the
last three decades, the rapid expansion of large-scale mining and
agricultural activities, and especially cattle ranching, implied
conversion of at least 19.55% of total primary forests, making
deforestation the main process investigated in the LUCC field.
However, cattle ranching is not only a main driver of
deforestation but is also behind the historical accumulation of
secondary vegetation which, as a result of the conversion of
forests into pastures often implemented with no technical
concerns, are rapidly degraded and abandoned, allowing plant
regeneration and forest regrowth. In the Brazilian Amazon, until
mid-2000s estimates for secondary vegetation indicated a
progressive increase of this cover, however following 2010, only
1,197 km2 of additional secondary vegetation was generated, while
42,040 km2 were converted into other land-covers. Meanwhile,
deforestation rates progressively decreased, being currently
around 6,000 km2 in contrast to the 27,772 km2 peak in 2004,
largely as a consequence of various legal and alternative coercive
measures being implemented since 2004. Considering that, in this
thesis I investigated the heterogeneity of processes underlying
secondary vegetation dynamics in cattle ranching systems in
Par{\'a}, with a particular focus on the potential impacts of
changes in the strategies of actors to cope with pasture
degradation. I began by investigating on a regional scale the
spatial-temporal patterns of secondary vegetation cover, and how
they related to spatial-temporal patterns of different land-covers
in Par{\'a}. Following that, based on a field-work investigation,
I aimed to understand how increased law enforcement to halt
deforestation could have stimulated actors to change practices and
techniques to cope with pasture degradation. Besides describing
motivations, beliefs and strategies of actors, I classify the
systems they operate by quantifying the practices and techniques
used in pasture management and discussed how practices and
techniques might have impacted secondary vegetation cover based on
accumulated knowledge of its dynamics. Finally, I spatialized
cattle ranching systems and performed a spatial-temporal analysis
of the representativeness of clusters of secondary vegetation and
pastures in each system, followed by an exploratory analysis of
the associations between different categories of drivers and
clusters of high and low values of secondary vegetation in
different cattle ranching systems in both pre-law enforcement
(i.e. 2000-2004) and post-law enforcement (i.e. 2010- 2014)
periods. I have found that clusters of high values (hotspots) of
secondary vegetation per deforested land prevailed in the north,
while clusters of low values (cold spots) prevailed in the South
of Par{\'a}, a pattern explained by the distinct regional stories
of occupation and deforestation dynamics, but also by differences
in the prevalence of specific land-covers. As evidenced by
transitions and clusters analysis, small-scale agriculture and
pastures under regeneration contributed to the concentration of
high values of secondary vegetation in the north, with clean
pastures being relevant to the concentration of low values in the
south. Cattle ranching was in this way an important driver of
change, both through conversion of secondary vegetation into clean
pastures in the south and of dirty pasture and pasture under
regeneration to secondary vegetation in the north. With respect to
the xii adoption of practices and techniques to deal with pasture
degradation, changes were restricted to regions where farming
background of actors and nearness with market favored the
emergence of the Professional system. In other regions, although
practices and techniques with high impact in precluding pasture
degradation were adopted, management is still done with low impact
techniques which, in addition to other characteristics, describe
the Traditional, Medium Scale and Subsistence systems. The
analyses of spatial-temporal responses of secondary vegetation in
each system, showed important associations between cattle ranching
and secondary vegetation, especially concerning the
representativeness of secondary vegetation and clean pastures.
Notwithstanding, with respect to law enforcement, although
observed associations between agriculture adequacy, price of bare
land, and expansion of herds with clusters of high and low values
of secondary vegetation can be connected with law enforcement,
regardless the scale, cattle ranching operations follow decision
making processes much more complex, which go beyond legal norms.
RESUMO: A crescente interven{\c{c}}{\~a}o humana sobre o sistema
terrestre tem alterado o clima e os ciclos
biogeoqu{\'{\i}}micos, colocando as mudan{\c{c}}as de uso e
cobertura da terra em evid{\^e}ncia como um campo de
investiga{\c{c}}{\~a}o central para as mudan{\c{c}}as globais.
Considerando mudan{\c{c}}as de uso e cobertura da terra como o
resultado de a{\c{c}}{\~o}es humanas, diferentes m{\'e}todos e
ferramentas de investiga{\c{c}}{\~a}o t{\^e}m sido empregados
para entender como tais a{\c{c}}{\~o}es levam {\`a}s
mudan{\c{c}}as no espa{\c{c}}o f{\'{\i}}sico. Na Amaz{\^o}nia
Brasileira, ao longo das {\'u}ltimas tr{\^e}s d{\'e}cadas, a
r{\'a}pida expans{\~a}o particularmente da pecu{\'a}ria,
al{\'e}m de minera{\c{c}}{\~a}o e agricultura em larga escala,
levaram {\`a} perda de pelo menos 19,55% do total de florestas
prim{\'a}rias. No entanto, a pecu{\'a}ria n{\~a}o representa
apenas um importante vetor de desmatamento, mas tamb{\'e}m de
ac{\'u}mulo de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria, como
resultado da convers{\~a}o de florestas em pastagens.
Frequentemente implantadas sem cuidados t{\'e}cnicos, as
pastagens entram em processo de degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o e, uma vez
abandonadas, permitem a regenera{\c{c}}{\~a}o e o ac{\'u}mulo
de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria. At{\'e} meados dos anos
2000, as estimativas de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria para
a Amaz{\^o}nia Brasileira indicavam um progressivo ac{\'u}mulo,
no entanto, ap{\'o}s 2010, apenas 1.197 km2 de
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria foram detectados, enquanto
42.040 km2foram convertidos em outros usos da terra. Neste mesmo
per{\'{\i}}odo, como consequ{\^e}ncia de v{\'a}rias medidas
legais e alternativas contra o desmatamento, implementadas a
partir de 2004, as taxas de desmatamento tamb{\'e}m sofreram
redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o, estando atualmente em torno de 6.000 km2, em
contraste aos 27.772 km2detectados em 2004. Neste contexto, esta
tese investigou a heterogeneidade dos processos subjacentes {\`a}
din{\^a}mica da vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria em sistemas
de pecu{\'a}ria no Par{\'a}, analisando os impactos potenciais
das estrat{\'e}gias contra a degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o de pastagens
sobre esta cobertura. Inicialmente, na escala regional, foi feita
uma an{\'a}lise dos padr{\~o}es espa{\c{c}}o-temporais e de
agrupamento (clusters) de altos e baixos valores de
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria e de diferentes tipos de
coberturas da terra no Par{\'a}. Na sequ{\^e}ncia, tendo como
base uma investiga{\c{c}}{\~a}o de campo, buscou-se entender
como o aumento da press{\~a}o legal contra o desmatamento pode
ter estimulado os atores a mudar pr{\'a}ticas e t{\'e}cnicas
para lidar com a degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o de pastagens. Al{\'e}m
das motiva{\c{c}}{\~o}es, percep{\c{c}}{\~o}es e
estrat{\'e}gias dos atores, {\'e} apresentada uma
classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o dos sistemas de pecu{\'a}ria por eles
operados, quantificando-se as pr{\'a}ticas e t{\'e}cnicas
empregadas no manejo de pastagens.Tendo como base o conhecimento
acumulado sobre a din{\^a}mica de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o
secund{\'a}ria, {\'e} apresentada tamb{\'e}m uma discuss{\~a}o
sobre como tais pr{\'a}ticas e t{\'e}cnicas podem ter impactado
esta cobertura. Por fim, os sistemas de pecu{\'a}ria foram
especializados para possibilitar uma an{\'a}lise da din{\^a}mica
espa{\c{c}}o-temporal da representatividade dos clusters de
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria e pastagens em cada um dos
sistemas, seguido de uma an{\'a}lise explorat{\'o}ria das
associa{\c{c}}{\~o}es entre diferentes vetores e clusters nos
diferentes sistemas de pecu{\'a}ria nos per{\'{\i}}odos
pr{\'e} (2000-2004) e p{\'o}s-press{\~a}o (2010-2014) legal
contra o desmatamento. Como principais resultados destaca-se que
clusters de altos valores de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria
prevaleceram ao Norte do Par{\'a}, enquanto clusters de baixos
valores prevaleceram ao Sul, um padr{\~a}o explicado por
hist{\'o}rias de ocupa{\c{c}}{\~a}o e din{\^a}micas de
desmatamento distintas, mas tamb{\'e}m pelas coberturas da terra
predominantes nas diferentes regi{\~o}es. A pecu{\'a}ria foi um
importante vetor de mudan{\c{c}}as, seja pela convers{\~a}o de
{\'a}reas de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria em pastos
limpos, ou contribuindo {\`a} XIV concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
altos valores de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria ao Norte.
Com rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\`a}s pr{\'a}ticas e t{\'e}cnicas
contra a degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o das pastagens, o padr{\~a}o
{\'e} de que a ado{\c{c}}{\~a}o de t{\'e}cnicas e
pr{\'a}ticas de impacto negativo sobre a regenera{\c{c}}{\~a}o
nas regi{\~o}es se restringiu {\`a}s regi{\~o}es nas quais a
experi{\^e}ncia pr{\'e}via dos atores com atividades produtivas
e inser{\c{c}}{\~a}o em conex{\~o}es de mercado com
frigor{\'{\i}}ficos industriais favoreceram a emerg{\^e}ncia do
Sistema Profissional. Nas demais regi{\~o}es, embora
pr{\'a}ticas e t{\'e}cnicas com alto impacto sobre a
degrada{\c{c}}{\~a}o tenham sejam adotadas, as pastagens
s{\~a}o ainda predominantemente manejadas com t{\'e}cnicas de
baixo impacto negativo sobre a regenera{\c{c}}{\~a}o, as quais
juntamente com outras caracter{\'{\i}}sticas como perfil dos
atores definem os Sistemas Tradicional, M{\'e}dia escala e de
Subsist{\^e}ncia. A an{\'a}lise das respostas
espa{\c{c}}o-temporais da vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria
em cada sistema evidenciou rela{\c{c}}{\~o}es importantes entre
pecu{\'a}ria e din{\^a}mica da vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o
secund{\'a}ria, particularmente em se tratando da
representatividade de clusters de altos e baixos valores dessa
cobertura e tamb{\'e}m de pastagens. No entanto, com respeito ao
controle do desmatamento, embora associa{\c{c}}{\~o}es
observadas entre aptid{\~a}o agr{\'{\i}}cola, pre{\c{c}}o da
terra nua e expans{\~a}o de rebanhos com clusters de altos e
baixos valores de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria possam
estar conectadas com o cumprimento das normais legais,
independentemente da escala, as opera{\c{c}}{\~o}es de
pecu{\'a}ria seguem processos de tomada de decis{\~a}o bem mais
complexos que v{\~a}o al{\'e}m da press{\~a}o contra o
desmatamento.",
committee = "Almeida, Cl{\'a}udio Aparecido de (presidente) and Aguiar, Ana
Paula Dutra de (orientadora) and Kampel, Silvana Amaral
(orientadora) and Vogt, Nathan David and Barioni, Luis Gustavo",
englishtitle = "Din{\^a}mica de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o secund{\'a}ria associada
aos sistemas de uso da terra pela pecu{\'a}ria",
language = "en",
pages = "148",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3RSQJJS",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3RSQJJS",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "05 maio 2024"
}